Posted by Tom on Leadershipon Tuesday, May 29, 2012
Few things differentiate you more than the way you make other people feel when they interact with you. Many top CEOs and politicians make a point of writing personal notes to people who have done them favors. A short, hand-written, sincere Thank You note is extremely powerful.? They are increasingly rare, which makes them even more effective.? And if you only want to write an email Thank You note, the formula below works just as well. Here?s a way you can quickly and easily outperform 95% of your competitors ? make a habit of writing Thank You notes.? Here are three simple steps to follow that will make this quick and easy, until it becomes second nature. Sincere Appreciation First, notice what you?re grateful for.? If you?re following prior guidance, you?re already ending each day writing down your victories and at least one thing for which you are grateful. When [...]
Local business marketing strategies will help to grow your local business online. Many consumers are now using the internet to find information they need and that includes the businesses in their local community. It therefore makes sense to have an online presence in the form of a lead generating website which captures the details of website visitors who are then followed up with an email marketing campaign. The email marketing system should establish a relationship with the prospects on the business email list. Once the subscribers get to know the list owner, they are more likely to make a purchase. Using this internet marketing for small business method you will be able to grow your business.
The above marketing system begins with a lead generation website that captures visitor?s details. For a local business to profit from this system, it is necessary to increase the traffic to the business website. There are many ways in which this can be achieved. Here are four local business marketing ideas which you can implement today.
Just as a building is more stable if it has more pillars supporting it, so too will your marketing system benefit from employing many marketing methods rather than concentrating on only one or two. Remember too, to include offline as well as online methods. Some examples are search engine optimization, email marketing, pay per click, internet banner advertising, print media, telephone and direct mail.
Decide to think of your business website as being primarily a lead generation tool and not a site for sales. When people go out on the internet looking for information, they generally do not spend more than ten seconds on a particular site and are not in a buying frame of mind. It is better to use those ten seconds or so to capture their details with an opt in form. Now you have a method to market to them over and over again. Therefore your business website should be set up solely to capture leads.
Set up a follow up system so that you can market to your leads captured from the website. Sign up for, and use an email autoresponder system to keep constantly in touch with the prospects on your business email list. You will be able to achieve more sales by first establishing a relationship with your email list. Email to your list frequently. Send them informative, friendly emails to educate them about your products and services.
When you are writing any content for your web pages or other business content, try to follow the AIDA system. This is a copywriting system which is used to make more sales as it presents your material to them in a way that entices them to buy. As a visitor to your local business website may only stay there for ten seconds, it is important to have content that will give them a reason to continue reading. The ?A? stands for attention. Attract their attention with an enticing headline which spells out the benefits of your offer. The ?I? stands for interest. You need to keep their interest by mentioning the problems they have and which you can solve for them. ?D? stands for desire. Increase their desire for your products and services by emphasizing their problems a little more and mentioning how you can reduce them with your services or product. ?A? stands for action. At the end of your copy encourage them to take some action to access your solutions.
So, there are four strategies you can start with to market your business online as well as offline. Internet marketing for local business works if you work at it.
Remember that you set up your local business to make profits which will give you, and your family the financial freedom to enjoy your life more. Visit Internet Marketing For Small Business to claim your Free Special Report on how to get more customers into your local business as well as more marketing ideas for small businesses.
The fallout from Facebook's initial public offering earlier this month continues to play out in the media, but according to some of the most senior players in the financial space, any negative aspects of the social network's stock market debut may not have really been the fault of the company or even the bankers who managed it. The latest big name to offer this opinion is Mary Meeker. In an on-stage conversation at the D10 Conference in Southern California where she presented her latest report on the state of the Internet, the current Kleiner Perkins partner and longtime Wall Street analyst was asked what she would have done differently about the Facebook IPO had she been involved...
ScienceDaily (May 29, 2012) ? TAU research finds that existing diabetes medication may ease damage caused by brain-addling explosions.
Although the death toll is relatively low for people who suffer from traumatic brain injury (TBI), it can have severe, life-long consequences for brain function. TBI can impair a patient's mental abilities, impact memory and behavior, and lead to dramatic personality changes. And long-term medical treatment carries a high economic cost.
Now, in research commissioned by the United States Air Force, Prof. Chaim Pick of Tel Aviv University's Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Dr. Nigel Greig of the National Institute of Aging in the US have discovered that Exendin-4, an FDA-approved diabetes drug, significantly minimizes damage in TBI animal models when administered shortly after the initial incident. Originally designed to control sugar levels in the body, the drug has recently been found effective in protecting neurons in disorders such as Alzheimer's disease.
Prof. Pick's collaborators include his TAU colleagues Dr. Vardit Rubovitch, Lital Rachmany-Raber, and Prof. Shaul Schreiber, and Dr. David Tweedie of the National Institute of Aging in the US. Detailed in the journal Experimental Neurology, this breakthrough is the first step towards developing a cocktail of medications to prevent as much brain damage as possible following injury.
Diabetes medication to halt trauma
Prof. Pick has been researching TBI for many years, beginning with the effects of everyday injuries such as hitting the windshield in a car accident. As a result of his work for the Air Force, he has expanded his research to include trauma sustained when a person is exposed to an explosion, such as during a terrorist attack.
TBI causes long-term damage by changing the chemistry of the brain. During an explosion, increased pressure followed by an intense vacuum shakes the fluid inside the brain and damages the brain's structure. This damage cannot be reversed, but mapping the injury through behavioral and physical tests is crucial to understanding and quantifying the damage and forming a treatment plan through therapy or medication.
Prof. Pick and his colleagues designed a pre-clinical experiment that exposed mice to controlled explosions from 23 and 33 feet away, and then analyzed the resulting injuries. They also studied the effect of Exendin-4 as an additional parameter in minimizing brain damage.
The researchers divided their mice into four groups: a control group; a second group that was exposed to the blast without medication; a third group that received the medication but was not exposed to the blast; and a fourth group, exposed to the explosion but given the medication within an hour after the blast and continuing for seven days afterwards. The mice were placed under anesthesia before the explosion.
Behavioral and physical tests showed that the mice that had been exposed to the blast had severely impaired brain function compared to the control group. However, the mice that had also received the Exendin-4 treatment were almost on a par with the control group in terms of brain function, proving that Exendin-4 significantly reduced the long-term damage done by an explosion. In separate experiments, the drug was also associated with an improved outcome in mice who sustained TBI by blunt force.
Finding the ideal drug cocktail
Prof. Pick says this promising discovery can help researchers find the ideal combination of medications to minimize the lasting impact of TBI. "We are moving in the right direction. Now we need to find the right dosage and delivery system, then build a cocktail of drugs that will increase the therapeutic value of this concept," he explains. He adds that in treating such traumatic injuries, one drug is unlikely to be sufficient.
This work was also done in collaboration with Dr. Bruce Citron from the American Veterans Association and Dr. Barry Hoffer from the National Institute of Drug Abuse at the National Institute of Health.
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The above story is reprinted from materials provided by American Friends of Tel Aviv University.
Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.
Journal Reference:
Vardit Rubovitch, Meital Ten-Bosch, Ofer Zohar, Catherine R. Harrison, Catherine Tempel-Brami, Elliot Stein, Barry J. Hoffer, Carey D. Balaban, Shaul Schreiber, Wen-Ta Chiu, Chaim G. Pick. A mouse model of blast-induced mild traumatic brain injury. Experimental Neurology, 2011; 232 (2): 280 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2011.09.018
Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.
Disclaimer: This article is not intended to provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Views expressed here do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.
From Capitol Hill: Flood Insurance Extension Quickly Approved in the Senate ? Danette O'Neal
May 27, 2012
The Senate on Thursday afternoon approved a two-month extension of the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP), an action that was made possible by an agreement Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid (D-Nev.) made to take up a longer-term five-year reauthorization when the Senate returns from the Memorial Day break. The Senate approved the extension by unanimous consent, after Reid declared, ?If it were to expire ? real estate transactions would come to a screaming halt. Taxpayers would be on the hook for future disasters. This is something we have no choice, we have to get it done.? The bill still needs to pass the House. C
Crazy, who has time to go back in session and call for another vote when the reality is?. there are entire metropolitan cities in the U.S. that need flood insurance to go to an Act of Sale. Almost all of the southern states, and now some parts of Iowa, Ill, the Dakota?s, Missouri and Georgia.
GameStop selling Android tablets in-store isn't anything new, but we've been curious to see how well the initiative would take off following a soft launch at 200 locations last November. Things seem to be going swimmingly, as the company now has "more than 1,600 locations" stocking the slates. If you'll recall, the devices all come with pre-installed titles of the retailer's choosing, with models from the likes of Samsung, Acer, ASUS and Toshiba. There's still yet to be any word about whether you'll eventually be able to trade-in your own, but it would seem like a logical next step -- aside from becoming an AT&T virtual carrier. Hit up the source link below to see if a store in your area is part of the lineup.
"I decided early on that I wanted to participate in the greater American experience, rather than the parochial one," says Richard Ford. (Robert Jordan)
In the quarter-century since publishing "The Sportswriter," Richard Ford has established himself as one of the finest contemporary novelists in America.
The settings for his novels crisscross the country, from the suburban comforts of New Jersey to small towns in the West. This is appropriate, given his own peripatetic life. Ford was born in Jackson, Miss., in 1944. After his father's heart attack, the youth split time between Jackson and New Orleans, where his grandfather, a former boxer, ran a hotel.
His adulthood has seen stints living in Montana, New Orleans (where he still maintains a part-time home with Kristina, his wife of 44 years), and his residence in Maine.
Ford is perhaps best known for his Frank Bascombe trilogy: "The Sportswriter," "Independence Day" and "Lay of the Land." "Independence Day," published in 1995, was the first book to win both the Pulitzer Prize and PEN/Faulkner Award.
He is also a lauded short-story writer for "Rock Springs" and "A Multitude of Sins."
His latest novel, "Canada," is the story of Dell Parsons, a teenager who flees to Saskatchewan from his Montana home after his parents rob a bank. It's a stark coming-of-age story, but also a tale of redemption.
Ford appears Wednesday at 7:30 p.m. at the Tattered Cover Book Store, 2526 E. Colfax Ave.
In a recent phone interview, Ford talked about the craft of writing, the Western landscape, an afternoon involving the late writer Raymond Carver and a girl with a hatchet, plus a childhood neighbor named Eudora Welty.
Q: Can you talk a bit about your new novel's genesis?
A: It was 1989 and I was living in Denton, Mont., waiting for the manuscript for "Wildlife" to come back from the publisher, which it was slow to. I thought I could write something in that time so I rented a room above a gas station and wrote about 20 pages of a short story called "Canada." When the book came back I stopped work on the story.
About 20 years went by, and when I got to the end of "Lay of the Land" I thought, here's my chance. I looked at the notes for "Canada" and thought, here's a novel. That's not usually the way I write.
Q: Being on the move is a big theme in "Canada." Does that reflect your own life?
A: Probably quite a bit. I decided early on that I wanted to participate in the greater American experience, rather than the parochial one in Mississippi. But I have an urge as a writer to meld the Southern experience into the larger American one.
Q: It's been said that many of your characters are people living on the margins.
A. I don't think people live on margins. They may live on the cusp, perilously close to dissolution, but they're still living a real life. These people are as entitled to our empathy as the most upstanding people we know.
Q: Your new book's first sentence dares you not to read on: First, I'll tell you about the robbery our parents committed. Then about the murders, which happened later.
A: I found it an irresistible hook. I didn't think giving the events away was a risk, but created its own suspense. And it was a way to get readers interested in the consequences of a robbery and how these things work out.
Q: Have you spent much time in Saskatchewan, the novel's setting?
A: When I lived in Montana, I spent a lot of time there. The first time I went up there with Ray Carver I thought, 'My god, what a place.' Just the vastness. We were goose hunting, and after the hunt took the birds to a local goose plucker. He wasn't there, but he had this beautiful daughter who came out with a hatchet, took the geese and told us to come back in three hours.
We got back in the vehicle, and I turned to Ray and said, "I'll race you to see who gets this girl in a story first." I won.
Q: The great writer Eudora Welty was your boyhood neighbor in Jackson.
A: I didn't really know her. She was in a different social echelon. Years later I was at a book signing in Jackson and she came by and said, "I just had to come pay my respects." We became friends, and during the last years of her life I was her literary executor.
Q: You won a Pulitzer. Your thoughts on this year's Pulitzer committee declining to name a fiction winner?
A: They just lay down on their job. It was spineless and pathetic. They're there to announce a winner. I'm obviously not expecting to win it again. But they dogged it.
Q: You recently turned 68, so a big zero birthday is looming. What are your plans for the next 32 years?
A: Mostly dead, I guess. Which is fine with me. I've been mainly a happy boy in my life. I married the right girl and we did what we wanted to do.
William Porter: 303-954-1877 or wporter@denverpost.com
?God healed my wife of breast cancer?
A Ukrainian pastor, now living in Florida, shares what he believes was a great miracle that saved the life of his wife
By Dan Wooding in Nairobi Founder of ASSIST Ministries
NAIROBI, KENYA (ANS) -- There couldn?t have been a better place for me to learn from a Ukrainian pastor, now living in Florida, how God healed his wife of breast cancer.
The pastor and his wife
(Photo: Dan Wooding)
Vasiliy Voytovich, who is also the President of God Heals Broken Hearts Ministries (www.godhealsbrokenhearts.org), movingly told the story of how his wife, Lyubov, who was 32 at that time, first discovered she had a lump in her breast.
We met up in Nairobi, Kenya, at the 9th Annual World Christian Doctors Network ?Spirituality and Medicine? Conference May 25-26, 2012, at the Safari Park Hotel.
It was during?this unique?conference on ?divine healing,? that I learned from a Ukrainian pastor, now living in Florida, about how ?God healed my wife of breast cancer.?
Attending with the Nairobi conference his wife, he said, ?It was back 1955, when we were living in the small town Stebnic in the west of Ukraine, that she first she had pain in her left breast and noticed lump there. She went to have it checked out and the doctors, who had not yet discussed surgery, started her treatment with chemotherapy. It was then that I felt prompted of the Lord to pray for her complete healing.
?So I gathered my children together -- older son Nikolay 14, daughter Nina 12, and youngest son Vitaliy 10 -- and we began to pray for a miracle.
?At that time, she felt a pressure in her throat and chest and she was so scared that she was dying and yet here we were all praying for her healing. She felt so bad and, at that time was not even praying, just crying.
?However, our prayers were so powerful that, after asking for her healing, we started to thank God for His answer. Then my wife said that in the background she heard a voice that said, ?BELIEVE.? She then asked what she had to believe, as she wasn?t even praying or asking about anything.
?She heard us thanking God for her healing, and so she asked God: ?Do I have to believe that I am healed? and she heard the reply, ?Yes!? After our prayer we knew that she had been healed and were so happy about the miracle.
African doctors praying
during the Nairobi conference
?I asked my wife to check to see if the lump disappeared, but she was not ready at that time. We waited for few days and then went to see the lady doctor who had initially diagnosed her. I was able to observe the change on the doctor?s face when she couldn?t find anything.
?I told the physician not to be surprised, as we had prayed for a miracle and I added, ?She is healed now. That is why you cannot find anything.? She replied: ?You are blessed that you can believe.?
?An X-ray was performed and it confirmed that she was now free from cancer,? he said. ?Three years later, when we moved to USA, a biopsy was performed because of my wife?s history of cancer and the chemotherapy treatment, and it was confirmed again that she was cancer free and this has continued with yearly mammograms.?
He went on to say, ?It is very much strengthened our faith (me, my wife, and our children) and it showed us how powerful is our God even today. He has His plans for us. He loves us very much and now we share that good news with others who needs that encouragement.?
Besides his pastoral work at the Full Gospel Church in Dunedin, Florida, he also works at the local Health Department and his wife is an RN at Largo Medical Center.
?In our church we have 150 members (Russians and mainly Ukrainians, with some Polish, Hispanic and English people,? he said.
This pastor, and his family, have truly learned from this healing that indeed, ?God Heals Broken Hearts.?
Note: Vasiliy Voytovich, is also the founder of the Happy Family (www.happyfamilymag.com) Christian online magazine. He can be contacted by e-mail at: voytovichv@gmail.com?
For more information on the World Christian Doctors Network, please go to: www.wcdn.org?
Dan Wooding, 71, is an award winning British journalist now living in Southern California with his wife Norma, to whom he has been married for 48 years. They have two sons, Andrew and Peter, and six grandchildren who all live in the UK. He is the founder and international director of ASSIST (Aid to Special Saints in Strategic Times) and the ASSIST News Service (ANS) and was, for ten years, a commentator, on the UPI Radio Network in Washington, DC. He hosts the weekly ?Front Page Radio? show on the KWVE Radio Network in Southern California and which is also carried throughout the United States. The program is also aired in Great Britain on Calvary Chapel Radio UK and also in Belize and South Africa. Besides this, Wooding is a host for His Channel Live, which is carried via the Internet to some 192 countries and also provides a regular commentary for Worship Life Radio on KWVE. You can follow Dan Wooding on Facebook under his name there or at ASSIST News Service. Dan has recently received two top media awards -- the "Passion for the Persecuted" award from Open Doors US, and one of the top "Newsmakers of 2011" from Plain Truth magazine. He is the author of some 44 books, the latest of which is "Caped Crusader: Rick Wakeman in the 1970s." To order a copy, go to: http://www.amazon.com/CAPED-CRUSADER-Rick-Wakeman-1970s/dp/1908728302/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1335474883&sr=1-1 . Wooding, who was born in Nigeria of British missionary parents, has also recently released his first novel ?Red Dagger? which is available this link.
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Working with solvents tied to cognitive problems for less-educated peoplePublic release date: 28-May-2012 [ | E-mail | Share ]
Contact: Rachel Seroka rseroka@aan.com 612-928-6129 American Academy of Neurology
MINNEAPOLIS Exposure to solvents at work may be associated with reduced thinking skills later in life for those who have less than a high school education, according to a study published in the May 29, 2012, print issue of Neurology, the medical journal of the American Academy of Neurology.
The thinking skills of people with more education were not affected, even if they had the same amount of exposure to solvents.
"People with more education may have a greater cognitive reserve that acts like a buffer allowing the brain to maintain its ability to function in spite of damage," said study author Lisa F. Berkman, PhD, of Harvard University in Cambridge, Mass. "This may be because education helps build up a dense network of connections among brain cells."
The study involved 4,134 people who worked at the French national gas and electric company. The majority of the people worked at the company for their entire career. Their lifetime exposure to four types of solventschlorinated solvents, petroleum solvents, benzene and non-benzene aromatic solventswas assessed. The participants took a test of thinking skills when they were an average of 59 years old and 91 percent were retired.
A total of 58 percent of the participants had less than a high school education. Of those, 32 percent had cognitive impairment, or problems with thinking skills, compared to 16 percent of those with more education. Among the less-educated, those who were highly exposed to chlorinated and petroleum solvents were 14 percent more likely to have cognitive problems than those with no exposure. People highly exposed to benzene were 24 percent more likely to have cognitive problems, and those highly exposed to non-benzene aromatic solvents were 36 percent more likely to have cognitive problems.
"These findings suggest that efforts to improve quality and quantity of education early in life could help protect people's cognitive abilities later in life," Berkman said, who worked alongside study author Erika Sabbath, ScD. "Investment in education could serve as a broad shield against both known and unknown exposures across the lifetime. This is especially important given that some evidence shows that federal levels of permissible exposure for some solvents may be insufficient to protect workers against the health consequences of exposure."
###
The study was supported by the French National Research Agency and the French Agency for Environment and Work Health Security.
To learn more about brain health, visit http://www.aan.com/patients.
The American Academy of Neurology, an association of more than 25,000 neurologists and neuroscience professionals, is dedicated to promoting the highest quality patient-centered neurologic care. A neurologist is a doctor with specialized training in diagnosing, treating and managing disorders of the brain and nervous system such as Alzheimer's disease, stroke, migraine, multiple sclerosis, brain injury, Parkinson's disease and epilepsy.
For more information about the American Academy of Neurology, visit http://www.aan.com or find us on Facebook, Twitter, Google+ and YouTube.
[ | E-mail | Share ]
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AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.
Working with solvents tied to cognitive problems for less-educated peoplePublic release date: 28-May-2012 [ | E-mail | Share ]
Contact: Rachel Seroka rseroka@aan.com 612-928-6129 American Academy of Neurology
MINNEAPOLIS Exposure to solvents at work may be associated with reduced thinking skills later in life for those who have less than a high school education, according to a study published in the May 29, 2012, print issue of Neurology, the medical journal of the American Academy of Neurology.
The thinking skills of people with more education were not affected, even if they had the same amount of exposure to solvents.
"People with more education may have a greater cognitive reserve that acts like a buffer allowing the brain to maintain its ability to function in spite of damage," said study author Lisa F. Berkman, PhD, of Harvard University in Cambridge, Mass. "This may be because education helps build up a dense network of connections among brain cells."
The study involved 4,134 people who worked at the French national gas and electric company. The majority of the people worked at the company for their entire career. Their lifetime exposure to four types of solventschlorinated solvents, petroleum solvents, benzene and non-benzene aromatic solventswas assessed. The participants took a test of thinking skills when they were an average of 59 years old and 91 percent were retired.
A total of 58 percent of the participants had less than a high school education. Of those, 32 percent had cognitive impairment, or problems with thinking skills, compared to 16 percent of those with more education. Among the less-educated, those who were highly exposed to chlorinated and petroleum solvents were 14 percent more likely to have cognitive problems than those with no exposure. People highly exposed to benzene were 24 percent more likely to have cognitive problems, and those highly exposed to non-benzene aromatic solvents were 36 percent more likely to have cognitive problems.
"These findings suggest that efforts to improve quality and quantity of education early in life could help protect people's cognitive abilities later in life," Berkman said, who worked alongside study author Erika Sabbath, ScD. "Investment in education could serve as a broad shield against both known and unknown exposures across the lifetime. This is especially important given that some evidence shows that federal levels of permissible exposure for some solvents may be insufficient to protect workers against the health consequences of exposure."
###
The study was supported by the French National Research Agency and the French Agency for Environment and Work Health Security.
To learn more about brain health, visit http://www.aan.com/patients.
The American Academy of Neurology, an association of more than 25,000 neurologists and neuroscience professionals, is dedicated to promoting the highest quality patient-centered neurologic care. A neurologist is a doctor with specialized training in diagnosing, treating and managing disorders of the brain and nervous system such as Alzheimer's disease, stroke, migraine, multiple sclerosis, brain injury, Parkinson's disease and epilepsy.
For more information about the American Academy of Neurology, visit http://www.aan.com or find us on Facebook, Twitter, Google+ and YouTube.
[ | E-mail | Share ]
?
AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.
Originally published in E-Finance & Payments Law & Policy - May 2012.
Companies large and small are rushing to develop new products and technologies to net their share of the $1 trillion of projected value in mobile payments. But this enthusiasm may be dampened by a number of patent infringement lawsuits in the US directed towards the mobile payments industry, which could limit the very innovation that has defined the industry so far. Erin Font? and Charles Salmon, of Cox Smith Matthews Incorporated, discuss the trends so far and the moves by the big players looking to limit their liability and expand their patent portfolios in what is set to be a highly lucrative market.
Mobile payments technologies using either near-field communication ('NFC') technology or existing technology (bar codes, QR codes, cloud) may be at an adoption tipping point in the U.S. and abroad. A number of mobile payments products, such as Square (for merchant card processing), and the Starbucks app (for POS purchases at Starbucks locations) have launched within the last few years.Mobile wallet offerings that seek to replace the physical wallet and 'revolutionise' mobile payments have been launched by Google (Google Wallet), ISIS (a consortium of U.S. telecoms, card associations and big banks), and PayPal (PayPal Mobile Wallet). U.K. telecoms sought to follow suit with 'Project Oscar,' a proposed joint venture between TMobile, Orange, O2 and Vodafone, but launch plans for the London 2012 Olympic Games were put on hold and the project is currently under investigation.
Please see full article below for more information.
OLATHE, Kan. ? The Swing for the Cure is in its second year. A metro family hopes to raise money using baseball to battle cancer. The Wade family loves baseball. It?s a passion for them.
?Baseball, that?s what we do,? said Eric Wade. ?We play baseball at home with all three boys play baseball. My dad played baseball, I played baseball.?
In December of 2007, Jimmie Wade or Hooty as his family and friends call him, found a lump near his ear. It turned out to be cancer. Instead of looking at the disease as a strike out. The Wades battled through. After surgery, Hooty went through six weeks of radiation.
Instead of going home and going to bed, he would go to the baseball diamond. Often too tired to play, he helped coach the younger guys. So, his family decided to make a difference for others battling cancer.
They started the Swing for the Cure Baseball Tournament. They raised $1,500 for the KU Cancer Center in 2011. They hope to double that amount in 2012.
Hooty is now cancer free and going into his senior year of college at Ottawa University and of course playing baseball. The fact that America?s pastime is allowing his family help others battle cancer makes it all the more special.
?It just makes me feel good to see these little guys come out and play and have fun and enjoy the game,? Hooty said.? ?I don?t know if some of them even know how big it is and what they?re actually helping.?
All donations from Swing for the Cure go to the KU Cancer Center.
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Most often, it has a tendency to be more cost-effective while it is actually not on the exact same higher top quality in comparison to other programs.
This means that the particular financial loans might still end up being referred to as Secured finance but you may find that the original prices and also authentic financing terms and conditions have been transformed by the lender because you last checked out, meaning you should do one more round associated with canvassing ideal Secured Loans for giant home improvements that you could manage.
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Folks have a tendency to choose Secured Loans since they will have an a bad credit score history (that means, if the loan provider will take 1 examine their own credit rating, almost certainly these kinds of consumers will be denied for your short term loans : or financial loans that don?t require security).
If you are searching for Secured personal loans for giant renovations in great britan, UK, thankfully many financiers there provide which type of loan. You employ such Secured Loans for big home improvements just like redesigning an ageing kitchen area, incorporating your bathrooms every now and then, and generally sprucing up your property in order that it increases within value. This is the reason many financiers tend to be ready to accept providing Secured Loans for big renovations: if you fail to conserve the obligations and fall behind around the loan, the financial institution actually receives a good point that?s been improved upon since the introduction of the mortgage period. Consequently, the resource (or even security) went upwards in worth fairly. Banking institutions are not the only loan providers within United kingdom that offer Secured personal loans for giant renovations. These days, you can also obtain Secured personal loans for big small remodels online lenders too (as well as the advantage with that is such loan companies provide lower interest levels compared to business financing loans.)
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Samsung have announced the international release of their previously CDMA only Dual SIM handset, the Samsung Galaxy DUOS. While not commonplace in the UK, dual SIM phones are more common in markets where consumers living on country borders / travelling between countries might want to have accounts with 2 networks to avoid roaming charges.
The 7.2Mbps HSPA Galaxy DUOS runs Android 2.3 Gingerbread with TouchWiz (of course) on a 832MHz processor with 512MB RAM, a 3.5" HVGA display, 3GB internal memory, 5 MP camera, microSD expansion and a 1300mAh battery.
The device will launch in June in Russia followed by Europe, CIS, Latin America, Southeast / Southwest Asia, Middle East, Africa, and China.
It's not clear at this time whether both SIM cards can use the 3G connection or whether one will be limited to 2G only... we are trying to find this out and will update this post in due course!
[Via: SammyHub]
About the author
Paul O'Brien founded MoDaCo in 2002 as a site focused on Windows Smartphones and has grown it since then by concentrating on providing a friendly community for both experienced and beginner mobile enthusiasts.
Paul Krugman rightly calls out Arthur Laffer's junk economics on the impact of state and local taxes on economic growth (I have no idea about why anyone listens to Laffer about anything, but that is for another day). ?At the same time, however, a good, liberal friend of mine told ?me yesterday that for the first time in his life, he will vote against a tax increase in California--the temporary tax increase proposed by Jerry Brown that will be on the ballot on November 6.
My friend has no issue with government spending per se; his problem is that he gets to observe the doings in Sacramento quite closely, and as he puts it, "it is even worse than you think up there."
California's state and local governments spend a lot of money. ?We ranked 4th in 2010 among the 50 states in per capita state and local spending. ? ? Yet if one looks at education spending, we are only average. ?Even worse (from the standpoint of my parochial pride, anyway), we trail Texas in education spending per capita.
My understanding is that once upon a time, California had among the most efficient and accountable governments in the country. ?The public schools were a particular source of pride. ?But the vast amounts of money are not being well managed now--such mismanagement is harmful whether it occurs in the public or private sector. ?How well government money is spent may be just as important as how much money is spent.
More than 700 events nationwide anticipated for USOC 2012 Olympic Day festivities
U.S. Olympic Committee announces record number of events for this year?s celebration of Olympic Day
COLORADO SPRINGS, Colo. - In anticipation of the 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games in London, Americans are embracing the spirit of the Olympic Movement and making plans to host the largest Olympic Day celebration in U.S. history.
The United States Olympic Committee has received information for more than 700 registered Olympic Day events taking place nationwide between June 22 and July 1. The events are designed to engage youth and promote the ideals of the Olympic movement and will feature athlete appearances, family-friendly activities and interactive learning experiences. This year?s participation will almost double the U.S.?s 2011 event total.
USOC CEO, Scott Blackmun said the timing of 2012 Olympic Day is perfect for engaging Americans. ?The 2012 Olympic Games Opening Ceremony is just over one month after Olympic Day, making these events a timely way to inspire Americans and educate our youth about healthy living,? Blackmun said. ?We are thrilled to host more events than ever before, and look to spread the excitement of the Games, Olympism and athlete stories of inspiration to even more people than in past years.?
Around the world, more than 160 countries take part in the annual celebration. Olympic Day was created by the International Olympic Committee in 1948 to commemorate the birth of the modern Olympic Games and celebrate the Olympic ideals and values that galvanize people in the spirit of Olympism.?In the U.S., Olympic Day events range from small gatherings to large, city-wide events.
Highlights of Olympic Day include:
Nationally, Free Race Day - USA BMX, in partnership with USA Cycling, will host a free race day at each of its 351 sanctioned tracks across the country and is expecting nearly 100,000 participants.? Events will take place in all 50 states.
New York City, NY, Learn to Skate with Sarah Hughes, Olympic gold medalist ? Sarah Hughes, who helped organize this event says, ?I?m looking forward to hosting an Olympic Day event at Chelsea Piers this summer and bringing the worldwide celebration of the Olympic Movement to my local community is especially meaningful. I know the Olympic values ? fair play, perseverance, respect and sportsmanship ? will resonate with the kids, especially in the sporting environment at Chelsea Piers. Their enthusiasm, coupled with the excitement of the upcoming Games, is surely going to make Olympic Day an inspiring one for all involved.?
Sandy, UT, Soccer Training Session ? U.S. Soccer will host a special training session featuring the 2012 Olympic Women?s Soccer Team on June 30 at the Rio Pinto Stadium in Sandy, Utah. The event will provide fans the opportunity to watch and interact with the team before they compete in the London Games.
Washington, DC, Skate of the Union ? Held on Olympic Day, June 23rd , skaters from all over the U.S. convene at historic RFK stadium campus in Washington, DC, to participate in elite and recreational inline racing, clinics, roller skating demos and exhibitions, and skateboarding events. Skate of the Union is also the culmination of the US Olympians? Walk to London campaign, which began at the LA Coliseum on April 7. Local and national Olympian skaters will join US Olympians Association President, Willie Banks, for an Olympic Day/?Skate to London? ceremony at RFK.
Milwaukee, WI, YMCA National Gymnastics Championship ? Olympic Day will be celebrated among 1,700 youth YMCA gymnasts from more than 20 states. In total, the event expects to have 4,000 people who will hear from 1996 Olympic gymnast Kate Nelson Nack during the opening ceremonies held at the Summerfest grounds on Milwaukee?s lakefront.
Grand Prairie, TX, Olympic Field Day - The city of Grand Prairie will host an Olympic Field Day with 300 youth from their summer camp. The day will begin with an opening ceremony then the children will compete in various sport activities including swimming, cycling and running. At the end of the day a guest athlete will award all participants with medals and Olympic Day certificates of participation.
Red Lake, MN, Boys & Girls Club ? 2010 Olympic Curler, Natalie Nicholson, a local resident who is helping organize the event states, ?As a nurse practitioner, I am always encouraging my patients to be active, make positive lifestyle changes and have a positive outlook as well as set goals and not be afraid to fail. This community encourages me to be a better person and I think being involved with Olympic Day is a great way for me to give back and inspire the people of Red Lake.?
In 2011, 100,000 people participated in 376 events in the 311 cities which hosted Olympic Day celebrations in the United States.?Host organizations and cities joined more than 300 Olympians, Paralympians and hopefuls in proclaiming Olympic Day and celebrating Olympism in their communities.
The majority of Olympic day events are hosted by Multi-Sport Organizations (MSOs) and National Governing Bodies (NGBs) who are part of the U.S Olympic Family. To date, the following MSOs and NGBs have registered to participate in 2012 Olympic Day activities:
Am. Alliance for Health, P.E., Rec. and Dance
Boys & Girls Clubs of America
Catholic Youth Organization
Community Olympic Development Programs
U.S. National Governing Bodies
National Recreation and Parks Association
United States Marine Corps
U.S. Association of Blind Athletes
U.S. Olympians Association
Olympic Day events transcend sport and allow local athletes to be actively involved in their community and make a difference.?I hope to return to Joplin, MO, this year to celebrate Olympic Day during happier times,? said Jason Pyrah, two-time Olympian in track and field. ?Last year I was in Joplin two weeks prior to the Olympic Day event, volunteering with the tornado cleanup process. During the event, I met with the children from the Boys and Girls Club who were all affected in some way by the tornado.? We talked about the challenges they faced and it was fun to bring some much-needed excitement and a brighter outlook through the spirit of the Olympic Movement. It?s amazing how the Olympic Spirit can transcend sport and inspire people in their everyday lives.?That?s why I continue to participate in Olympic Day events in my communities every year,? said Pyrah.
To assist Olympic Day event hosts, the U.S. Olympic Committee offers planning toolkits, supplemental materials and help potentially securing an athlete for the event. For more information on Olympic Day, go to www.teamusa.org/OlympicDay, call the Olympic Day hotline at 715-866-4535, or email OlympicDay@usoc.org.
roztayger offers a carefully edited selection of men?s wallets, briefcases, travel bags, iPad cases and business card cases? great gift ideas for the fashionable dad! roztayger products come from a compilation of designers whose creations are modern-minded, practical and surpass quality expectations, style and design including RO, Property Of, Bill Amberg, and many more. roztayger is an online shopping destination for distinctive, timeless products made for fashionable men who need well-made products to meet their on-the-go lifestyle (women?s products also available). http://roztayger.com
All opinions expressed in this review are my own and not influenced in any way by the company.? Any product claim, statistic, quote or other representation about a product or service should be verified with the manufacturer or provider. Please refer to this site's Disclaimer? for more information. I have been compensated or given a product free of charge, but that does not impact my views or opinions. ------------------------------------------------------------------------- New to the Divadom?or to Dad of Divas Reviews? Please Subscribe to my RSS Feed!?Subscribe in a reader Questions?Drop me a line at dadofdivas@gmail.com
SittingAround, the new service that allows parents to quickly and easily find and schedule a babysitter online, is now getting their sitters clients equipped with Square credit card readers. CEO Erica Zidel tells us that, starting now, all sitters are being offered a free Square dongle as a part of the signup process on the website, and can then indicate whether or not they accept credit cards in their online profile. Parents, meanwhile, can now search and hire sitters based on the payment method they accept.
Before we will be able to dig into Yoruba spirituality, I think that it is vital to comprehend the origins of the Yorubas. Many spiritual beings will begin their journey without a foundation. It is important to understand where you have been in order to truly understand where you are going.. The term Yoruba refers to a tribe of people that are joined by a typical language, culture and history.
?It is a fact that the Yoruba of West Africa are the proven creators of one of the most premier cultures in the history of the world.,? asserts historian Robert Farris Thompson in the book Flash of the Spirit. ?At a time between the tenth and the 12th centuries, when nothing of akin quality was being produced in Europe, the master sculptures of Ile-Ife were shaping superb art. Like those of ancient Greece, Yorubaland consisted of self-sufficient town states indicated by artistic and poetic richness,? Thompson adds.
The sacred city of Ile Ife, Nigeria, is the orisun, or diachronic cradle of the Yorubas. Yoruba mythology also maintains that Ile Ife gave birth to humanity. It is often said that this city ?from where all information emanates? spawned a civilization known for creative, poetic, intellectual and spiritual brilliancy.
The Yoruba inhabit an area bound by the Niger Brook. Yorubaland extends from Southwestern Nigeria into the Benin Republic and parts of Togo. Apart from sharing linguistic and cultural ties, the descendants of the Yoruba also share the lfa religion, which is one of the quickest growing religious traditions in the world.
Round the 16th century, millions of Yorubas were arrested as slaves and carried to the Caribbean and the Americas. Overtime, the Yorubas began to combine beliefs and practices that came from the lfa religion with components of Roman Catholicism. The consequence of this clash of cultures was the syncretistic religions of Candomble, Palo Mayombe, Santeria and Vodun to mention a few.
Each one of these Yoruba-inspired offshoots are now blossoming all though Europe, the Caribbean, South America, Northern America, Brazil, Colombia, Cuba, Grenada, the Guyanas, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, St. Kitts, St. Vincent, Tobago, and Trinidad. In this article I am only able to name a few place that are deeply affected by this historical religion. It is my hopes that you will further investigate this matter yourself.
Ironically, while the traditional religions of Africa have been declining over the last century, due to colonialism, Western acculturation and proselytizing by Christianity and Islam, Yoruba-inspired non secular traditions are prospering throughout the Americas.
Thanks to folks like James Weeks who?ve dedicated their lives to educating others on Yoruba Non secular Principles, Ifa is gaining rather more ground. James Weeks is also known as the creator of ?Across The King?s River,? documentary film that's scheduled to be released some times in 2013. Critics that have had the prerogative of seeing some of the footage have asserted that ?Across The King?s Brook? will be a game changer.
According to James Weeks, ?the film will change the way folk think about African spirituality. However it will also change the way in which they think about science and themselves ? their own potential.?
Disciples of the Yoruba Religion believe that before we are born we stand before Olodumare (God) and select our own destiny. It is said that we make this decision before we arrive here on earth. Every one of us decides what we will contribute to the world , where we'll live, who we're going to love, and even the day we will die.
To find out lots more about the Yoruba Religion Beliefs or the Traditional Wisdom For Modern Times visit us online
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Updated at 8:17 a.m. ET: PESHAWAR -- A Pakistani doctor accused of helping the CIA find Osama bin Laden was convicted of high treason and sentenced to 33 years of hard labor on Wednesday.?
Shakil Afridi ran a vaccination program for the American intelligence agency to collect DNA and verify bin Laden's presence at the compound in the town of Abbottabad, where he was killed last May by U.S. commandos.
Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton previously called for Afridi to be released, saying his work served Pakistani and American interests.
Pentagon unveils scale model of bin Laden compound
Afridi was also ordered to pay a fine of about $3,500, Nasir Khan, a government official in the Khyber tribal area, told The Associated Press. If he doesn't pay, he will spend another three and half years in prison, Khan said.?
Obama aides gave classified information on bin Laden raid for film, watchdog says
His?imprisonment is likely to anger ally Washington at a sensitive time, with both sides engaged in difficult talks over re-opening NATO supply routes to U.S.-led troops in Afghanistan.?
Panetta: Pakistan doctor gave US key bin Laden intel
U.S. officials had hoped Pakistan, a recipient of billions of dollars in American aid, would release Afridi. He was detained after the unilateral operation which killed bin Laden and strained ties with Islamabad.?
Report: CIA ran vaccine ruse to get bin Laden's DNA
In January, Defense Secretary Leon Panetta said in a television interview that Afridi and his team had been key in finding bin Laden, describing him as helpful and insisting the doctor had not committed treason or harmed Pakistan.
Reuters and The Associated Press contributed to this report.
History of Diving The Underwater Environment ? Definitions ? Gases Used in Diving ? Gas Laws Heat and Heat Transfer Diving Equipment ? Open-Circuit Scuba ? Buoyancy Compensator ? Face Mask ? Weight Belt and Weights ? Swim Fins ? Submersible Timer and Depth Gauge ? Knife ? Protective Clothing Diving-Related Injury Statistics Medical Problems ? Nitrogen Narcosis ? Barotrauma ? Pulmonary Overinflation Syndrome ? Ear Barotrauma ? Sinus Barotrauma ? Face Mask Squeeze ? Ear Canal Squeeze ? Dental Barotrauma ? Decompression Sickness Prevention of Injuries ? Nitrogen Narcosis ? Pulmonary Overpressurization Accidents ? Middle Ear Barotrauma ? Sinus Barotrauma ? Face Mask Squeeze ? Ear Canal Squeeze ? Decompression Sickness ? Sport-Specific Treatment Chapter References
The sport of scuba (self-contained underwater breathing apparatus) diving has had phenomenal growth over the last 25 years. It has gone from an activity that was limited to a relatively few physically fit individuals to one that has many millions of participants, many of whom are not in peak condition. In the United States, it is estimated that there are 3 million active divers. The incident rate for injuries is surprisingly low at 0.04%, which places it at the same level as bowling. However, the types of injuries that occur in scuba diving can be serious, even fatal. In 1997, there were 82 recreational scuba diving deaths involving U.S. citizens. This number has been as low as 66 (1988) and as high as 147 (1976). The fatality rate for scuba diving has declined from 8.6 per 100,000 in 1976 to 3.7 per 100,000 in 1990 (1). This decline in death rate in the face of a large increase in the number of divers may very well be the result of rigorous standards for training recreational divers. It is a tribute to the training organizations involved that there are few deaths in a sport that can be extremely dangerous to its participants. This chapter is intended to allow the physician to recognize injuries and illnesses unique to scuba diving and to initiate treatment. It also is intended to be a guide for the practitioner as to when to refer the patient for specialty care. HISTORY OF DIVING Scuba diving as an entity is a relatively new activity. Diving, however, goes back many centuries. Breath-hold diving is the earliest form of diving known to humankind. It has been shown to have been practiced around 4,500 bc. These divers were diving for food and for treasures (2). In early times, the divers also were used for military purposes, as they are today. Free diving continues to be a popular method of diving today. Examples include pearl divers and recreational snorkeling. The next innovation in diving was the diving bell. This allowed for a longer time underwater because there was an air supply for the diver. It is recorded that Alexander the Great descended in a diving bell in 330 bc. to view the recovery of a ship (2). The continued problem with a diving bell is that it limited the mobility of the diver. Until the 17th century, the diving bell was state of the art in diving. The development of surface-supplied diving apparatus in the 17th and 18th centuries dramatically increased the mobility and capabilities of divers. Now a diver was free to move about and not have to worry about returning to the diving bell for the next breath of air. This allowed the diver to do a significantly greater amount of work. This hard-hat diving is still used today by the military and in the underwater construction fields. The development of a self-contained breathing apparatus was the next evolutionary step in diving. From the middle 1800s, various individuals attempted to create such a device. It was not until 1943, when Emile Gagnan and Captain Jacques-Yves Cousteau unveiled their so-called aqua lung, that the development of the modern scuba gear occurred (2). It is because of the work of these two individuals that we have the sport of recreational scuba diving. It was no longer necessary to be tethered to a surface-supplied air source while wearing a heavy and cumbersome diving suit. This opened the door to ordinary citizens being able to enjoy the underwater environment. All of today's scuba gear is a refinement on this initial apparatus. THE UNDERWATER ENVIRONMENT The world of the scuba diver, if looked at objectively, is an extremely hostile one. The surrounding ?atmosphere? is one that cannot support a diver's oxygen needs without special equipment. This atmosphere is continually changing its ambient pressure with every change in the diver's depth. It is this change in pressure that leads to many of the medical problems that develop in divers. A diver cannot see well if he or she is not wearing a mask. Even with a mask, objects are distorted by appearing closer and larger than they truly are. The surrounding water tends to drain the heat from a diver and expose him or her to the risks of hypothermia. The diver can visit this world for only a limited time, because the air supply is finite and because of the risks of decompression sickness. As can be seen, there are many factors that work against a diver. They are not, however, insurmountable, as evidenced by the popularity of the sport. It is important for the diver, as well as his or her physician, to understand the physics of the underwater environment. A diver learns this while undergoing training. For the physician, to understand the pathophysiology of diving injuries requires a basic understanding of underwater physics. As will be shown, most of the common and serious injuries unique to scuba diving occur because of the effects of pressure on gases in the body. Definitions Several terms will need to be defined to understand the gas laws that are discussed below. Pressure is defined as an amount of force acting on a unit area. In diving, pressure is usually expressed as pounds per square inch (psi). Mathematically, it can be expressed as pressure=force/area, or p=F/A. The amount of pressure that is exerted on a body by the earth's atmosphere is defined as 1 atm. When measured at sea level, it is equal to 14.7 psi. At higher elevations, it is less. Atmospheric pressure acts in all directions at any specific point equally. For this reason, its effects are usually neutralized. In diving, pressures also are expressed in atmospheres. For example, a pressure of 147 psi is 10 atm (10 ? 14.7 psi). Hydrostatic pressure is the pressure produced by the weight of fluid acting on a body submerged in the fluid. It is equal in all directions at any particular depth. In sea water, for every 1 foot a diver descends, the hydrostatic pressure increases 0.445 psi. This number is 0.432 psi for fresh water. For sea water, the pressure at 33 feet is equivalent to 1 atm. For fresh water, every 34 feet is the same as 1 atm, or 14.7 psi. The definition of absolute pressure is the sum of the atmospheric and hydrostatic pressures exerted on a submerged body. Its units of measure are pounds per square inch absolute (psia) or atmospheres absolute (ata). The term ambient pressure is defined as the pressure surrounding a submerged body (atmospheric + hydrostatic) and is usually stated in absolute pressure terms. Gauge pressure is defined as the difference between the pressure being measured and the atmospheric pressure. Most gauges used in scuba diving are calibrated to read zero at normal atmospheric pressures. Gauge pressure is what is measured on a diver's depth gauge. To convert gauge pressure to absolute pressure, one needs only to add 14.7 psi to the gauge pressure. The final pressure that needs to be defined is partial pressure. In a mixture of gases, the proportion of the total pressure contributed by a single gas in the mixture is called the partial pressure. This partial pressure is directly proportional to the percentage of the total volume of the mixture that the individual gas occupies. The partial pressure of a gas determines how much of the gas will be dissolved in the tissues and blood. The concentration of gases in tissues plays an important role in the development of specific diving illnesses such as nitrogen narcosis and decompression sickness. Gases Used in Diving There are a number of important gases that are encountered in recreational scuba diving. Air, in a compressed form, is the mixture of gases that are used in sport diving. It is composed of 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 0.9% argon, 0.03% carbon dioxide, and a mixture of other rare gases (0.003%). Oxygen, as is well known, is essential to life. It is the only gas that is used metabolically by the diver. All other gases in air serve only to dilute the oxygen concentration. In high enough concentrations, oxygen is toxic to the pulmonary and central nervous systems (3). Until recently, sport diving did not include the use of oxygen-enriched gas mixtures for this reason. Nitrogen is the most abundant gas in air. It is an inert gas and does not support life. Nitrogen is involved in a number of the illnesses associated with diving. Its anesthetic effects at high partial pressure is the cause of nitrogen narcosis, also known as the rapture of the deep (4). The formation of nitrogen bubbles in tissues and blood is the cause of decompression sickness, or the bends (5,6,7,8 and 9). Nitrogen does serve a useful purpose for the sport diver, however. It dilutes the oxygen so that the diver is not at risk for oxygen toxicity, which would develop at higher partial pressures of oxygen. Carbon dioxide is normally found in minute amounts in air. Normally, it is not of any concern to the diver. However, if the diver would happen to get a tank of air contaminated with carbon dioxide, the results could be disastrous. Carbon dioxide in high concentrations (>10%) is toxic to humans and can lead to seizures and death (2,3,10). Having a reputable supplier of compressed air is the principal way to prevent this potential disaster. Carbon monoxide is produced by the incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons in internal combustion engines. It is an extremely poisonous substance that must be excluded from the diver's air supply at all costs. The most common cause of carbon monoxide contamination of a diver's air supply is the intake of an air compressor being near an exhaust system of an internal combustion engine (2). Again, prevention of this disorder can be accomplished by obtaining compressed air only from reputable dealers. Gas Laws To understand fully how changes in pressure can lead to the common ailments that are seen in scuba diving, it is important to understand some common gas laws. The effects of change in pressure on liquids is negligible. For this reason, most of the body, which is made up of liquids, has no direct effects from the pressure. It is the air-filled body cavities?the middle ears, sinuses, lungs, and gastrointestinal tract?that are most affected by pressure changes. To understand what changes occur and why they occur, it is essential to discuss several gas laws. The behavior of all gases can be explained by three factors: the pressure, volume, and temperature of that gas. The interrelationships between these factors has been explained by the gas laws. There are four of these laws that are applicable to the diver: Boyle law; Charles law; Dalton law; and Henry law. Boyle's law can be stated as follows: At a constant temperature, the volume of a gas varies inversely with absolute pressure, whereas the density of a gas varies directly with absolute pressure. For any gas at a constant temperature, Boyle law can be written as follows:
where p=absolute pressure, V=volume, and K=constant. This law is vital to the scuba diver in that it describes what happens to an air-filled cavity in the body if it cannot be equalized with the ambient pressure. An example would be barotrauma to the middle ear caused by eustachian tube dysfunction. Charles law is stated as follows: At a constant pressure, the volume of a gas varies directly with absolute temperature. For any gases at a constant volume, the pressure of a gas varies directly with absolute temperature. This law can be expressed mathematically as follows:
where p=absolute pressure, V=volume, T=absolute temperature, and R=universal constant for all gases. This law comes in to play when dealing with the compressed air tanks that divers use as their air supply. If a tank is left in direct sunlight, it can be seen from the formula given earlier that either the pressure or volume must increase. Because the air tank is rigid, making the volume constant, the pressure in the tank will increase. This can lead to an overpressurization of the tank and possible tank or valve rupture. The definition of Dalton law is as follows: The total pressure that is exerted by a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of each of the gases if it alone were present in the same volume. The mathematical formula for this law is written as follows:
where ptotal=total pressure of that gas, pp1=partial pressure of gas 1, pp2=partial pressure of gas 2, ppn=partial pressure of other gas. Dalton law is important when one is discussing contaminated air supplies, nitrogen narcosis, and decompression sickness. Henry law deals with the solubility of gases in a liquid. It can be stated as follows: The amount of any given gas that will dissolve in a liquid at a given temperature is a function of the partial pressure of the gas that is in contact with the liquid and the solubility coefficient of the gas in the particular liquid. To put it simply, in a diver, the amount of gas that will dissolve in blood and tissues will increase with increasing depth until the point of tissue saturation takes place. The formula is as follows:
where VG= volume of gas dissolved at standard temperature and pressure (STP), VL = volume of the liquid, ;Va. = Benson solubility coefficient at specified temperature, p1 = partial pressure in atmosphere of that gas above the liquid. Henry's law is the basis for the development of decompression sickness and is explained later in this chapter. HEAT AND HEAT TRANSFER No matter where a person is diving, be it in the tropics or the cold waters of the Great Lakes, heat loss from the diver's body occurs. Because the human body requires a relatively narrow temperature range to function normally, this loss of heat energy can have significant effects on diver performance and health. There are several mechanisms by which a diver loses body heat: radiation, convection, evaporation, and conduction. Radiation heat loss by the diver is not significant compared with conduction and convection. Radiation heat loss from the body is in the form of infrared waves. The head, neck, and hands, if left exposed, are areas of the body where radiation heat loss can occur in cold water. Conduction is the transfer of heat energy by direct contact. This is the most significant cause of heat loss in divers. Water conducts heat much better than air, and a diver that is unprotected loses a great deal of heat by direct contact with the water. The purpose of a diver's wet suit is to prevent the conductive heat loss. Convection is the transmission of heat energy by the movement of currents. In a diver, even sitting perfectly still, little currents are formed by the rising of water heated by conduction and its replacement by cooler water. This leads to the loss of heat by convective currents. Evaporation of water vapor from the lungs is another method of heat loss in a diver. The compressed air in a scuba tank has essentially no water vapor present. Each time a diver takes a breath, this air enters the lungs, where large amounts of water vapor and thus heat are transferred to it. This heat is lost with each exhalation.
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Public release date: 28-May-2012
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